Ancient greek lute8/30/2023 ^ " Cithara was the Latin name for the Greek kithara, a lyre-like instrument.The kaithros mentioned in the Book of Daniel may have been the same instrument. The cithara is also mentioned in other places in the Latin Vulgate version of the Bible, including Genesis 4:21, 1 Kings (1 Samuel) 16:16, 1 Paralipomenon (1 Chronicles) 25:3, Job 30:31, Psalms 32:2, Psalms 56:9, Psalms 70:22, Psalms 80:3, Psalms 91:4, Psalms 97:5, Psalms 107:3, Psalms 146:7, Psalms 150:3, Isaiah 5:12, Isaiah 16:11, 1 Machabees 3:45, and 1 Corinthians 14:7. "Yea, upon the harp will I praise thee, O God my God." The King James version renders this verse as "To thee, O God my God, I will give praise upon the harp." Which is translated in the Douay-Rheims version as "Confitebor tibi in cithara, Deus, Deus meus," Psalm 42 in the Latin Vulgate (Psalm 43 in other versions), says, Biblical references Īn instrument called the kinnor is mentioned a number of times in the Bible, generally translated into English as "harp" or "psaltery", but historically rendered as "cithara". The use of the name throughout the Middle Ages looked back to the original Greek cithara, and its abilities to sway people's emotions. In the Middle Ages, cythara was also used generically for stringed instruments, including lyres, but also including lute-like instruments. Two sketches of string instrument players (citharas, lyres or rottas?) from the Utrecht Psalter, drawn by an Anglo-Saxon artist in Reims, c. Phrynnis ( Ancient Greek: Φρῦνις) of Lesbos: The Suda mentions that Phrynnis was the first to play the cithara at Athens and won at the Panathenaea by cithara is probably meant the new 12-stringed instrument invented by Melanippides of Melos.Among the best-known examples is the Apollo Citharoedus at the Vatican Museums, a 2nd-century CE colossal marble statue by an unknown Roman sculptor. Kitharoidos, or Citharoedus, is an epithet given to Apollo, which means "lyre-singer" or "one who sings to the lyre".Īn Apollo Citharoedus or Apollo Citharede, is the term for a type of statue or other image of Apollo with a cithara. Apollo is often depicted playing a cithara instead of a lyre, often dressed in a kitharode’s formal robes. The cithara is said to have been the invention of Apollo, the god of music. Apollo as a kitharode Īpollo kitharoidos ( Apollo holding a cithara and wearing the customary kitharōdos’ robes) and musagetes (leading the Muses). Most vase paintings show citharas with seven strings, in agreement with ancient authors, but those same authors also mention that occasionally an especially skillful kitharode would use more than the conventional seven strings. The other ends of the strings were secured to a tail-piece after passing over a flat bridge, or the tail-piece and bridge were combined. At the top, its strings were knotted around the crossbar or yoke ( zugon) or to rings threaded over the bar, or wound around pegs. The cithara had a deep, wooden sounding box composed of two resonating tables, either flat or slightly arched, connected by ribs or sides of equal width. The strings with undesired notes were damped with the straightened fingers of the left hand. It was played by strumming the strings with a stiff plectrum made of dried leather, held in the right hand with elbow outstretched and palm bent inwards. Aristotle said that these string instruments were not for educational purposes but for pleasure only. It was also played solo at the receptions, banquets, national games, and trials of skill. The cithara was played primarily to accompany dance, epic recitations, rhapsodies, odes, and lyric songs. Whereas the basic lyra was widely used as a teaching instrument in boys’ schools, the cithara was a virtuoso's instrument and generally known as requiring a great deal of skill. Snyder have made connections between the cithara and stringed instruments from ancient Anatolia. The cithara originated from Minoan- Mycenaean swan-neck lyres developed and used during the Aegean Bronze Age. In modern Greek, the word kithara has come to mean " guitar", a word which etymologically stems from kithara. As opposed to the simpler lyre, the cithara was primarily used by professional musicians, called kitharodes. It was a seven-stringed professional version of the lyre, which was regarded as a rustic, or folk instrument, appropriate for teaching music to beginners. The kithara, or Latinized cithara ( Greek: κιθάρα, romanized: kithára, Latin: cithara), was an ancient Greek musical instrument in the yoke lutes family. Roman fresco from Pompeii, 1st century CE ( National Archaeological Museum, Naples). Woman with cithara (right) and sambuca (left).
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